1. Performance in high temperature environment
• Capacity reduction: High temperature will accelerate the chemical reaction inside the battery, resulting in a gradual reduction in battery capacity. In a high temperature environment for a long time, the aging speed of the battery is accelerated, thus shortening its service life.
• Risk of thermal runaway: Under extreme high temperature conditions, the battery may suffer thermal runaway due to excessive internal temperature, and there is a risk of fire or explosion.
• Lower charging efficiency: High temperature will affect the charging efficiency of the battery, which may lead to prolonged charging time, and the battery temperature may further rise during the charging process, increasing safety risks.
• Changes in discharge efficiency: Although high temperatures generally improve the discharge efficiency of the battery, this effect is limited and is accompanied by other negative effects (such as shortened life).

2. Performance in low temperature environment
• Reduced capacity: Low temperatures can cause a temporary reduction in the available capacity of the battery, but when the temperature rises, the capacity can generally be restored. However, extreme cold temperatures can cause permanent damage.
Lower discharge efficiency: Low temperature will increase the viscosity of the electrolyte and slow down the migration rate of ions, thus reducing the discharge efficiency of the battery. This may result in the golf cart's power output being insufficient and the driving distance reduced.
• Charging difficulties: at extremely low temperatures, the charging efficiency of the battery is greatly reduced, and even it cannot be charged normally. To ensure that the battery can still be charged at low temperatures, some golf carts are equipped with pre-heating devices.
• Affected starting current: Low temperatures can reduce the starting current of the battery, which may cause difficulty in starting the golf cart or slow power response.

3. Countermeasures
• Temperature control: Design a reasonable cooling system and heating device to keep the battery in a suitable operating temperature range. For example, use heat sinks or fans in high temperatures and heating pads in low temperatures.
• Battery selection: Choose a battery type with better temperature resistance, such as lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), which are relatively stable in high and low temperature environments.
• Maintenance: Check the battery status regularly to ensure its normal operation under different temperature environments. Avoid exposing golf carts to extreme temperatures for long periods of time.

4. Practical application cases
• High temperature environment: In tropical areas or summer hot weather, golf courses usually equip the cart with an effective cooling system to ensure that the battery can still work properly at high temperatures.
• Low temperature environment: In cold areas or winter, golf carts may be equipped with heating devices to prevent the battery from failing due to low temperatures, while ensuring that the battery can still charge and discharge normally at low temperatures.